[1] BPA CALLS FOR DEEP CUTS TO FY 2003 FISH SPENDING

BPA went public last week with more bad news on its current financial crisis. With payments snowballing to fund projects from previous years, the agency said it needs to cut the Columbia Basin's fish and wildlife direct program's estimated $180 million budget by $40 million or more for this fiscal year.

The Northwest Power Planning Council heard the news straight from BPA Administrator Steve Wright, who addressed the members Dec. 10 at their monthly meeting in Portland. Wright outlined the power agency's fiscal problems and ongoing attempts to resolve them--mainly by slashing budgets in all areas. In November, he had told the region that BPA faced a $1.2 billion deficit through 2006. In addition to cutting spending and entertaining the possibility of a rate increase, that meant significant cuts to fish and wildlife budgets were likely.

Earlier this year, Wright sent shock waves through the fish and wildlife community when he told the council he was looking to reduce all BPA budgets, including funding for the F&W program. BPA spends about $500 million annually on fish-related programs, a sum that includes the direct program, capital reimbursements and hydro operations to improve fish passage, along with power purchases to make up for energy foregone from spill operations. At that time, Wright said BPA needed to cut its total fish-related costs by $200 million over the life of the rate case, or about $50 million a year.

But last week, Wright said $137 million in expense accruals to the fish and wildlife program--previous obligations to spending that have finally come due--threaten to derail this year's budget. And with the poor start for the water year, he said the odds were increasing that power rates would go up even if the agency could cut overall spending by $500 million through 2006.

Wright asked council members for their help in prioritizing the F&W budget, outlining steps to make sure that FY 2003's expense accruals don't exceed $139 million and to prioritize spending to keep annual costs of the direct program below that level throughout the ongoing rate period.

Wright said spending for core projects that help the agency comply with the hydro BiOp should be at the top of the priority list, especially spending that helps the agency meet NMFS requirements for fish survival at the 2003 and 2005 check-ins. Wright wanted the council's prioritized recommendations by Feb. 21.

Earlier that day, Sarah McNary, head of BPA's Fish and Wildlife Division, briefed the council's Fish and Wildlife committee on the agency's finances. McNary said the latest draft of BPA's expected FY 2003 expenses comes to almost $180 million, a total that includes spending for contracts already issued and BPA overhead. Another $6 million is expected to fund contracts in the mainstem/systemwide category that haven't yet completed the approval process, along with $14.5 million in capital spending. The bad-news bottom line was that the total topped earlier budget estimates in the rate case by a whopping $40 million.

McNary said 2002 carry-over obligations were $45 million, up from $15 million in 2001. Over the past year, many new contracts have been added to the program to begin implementation of BiOp measures that help the hydro system meet fish-related commitments required under the Endangered Species Act.

To cut costs, BPA has already decided to put all purchases of land or conservation easements on hold, she told the committee. As for contracts coming up for renewal, the agency was in "kind of a holding pattern" to fund enough to preserve existing investments.

Council staffer Doug Marker said his own people would be working with BPA staff on a "project-by-project" basis and would bring in staff from the Columbia Basin Fish and Wildlife Authority as well.

In October, Marker warned the council about the accruals. He told members that BPA needed to change its accounting methods because its financial crisis made tracking accruals "essential." Until now, the federal power agency has kept track of its fish and wildlife spending "obligations," he told the council. An obligation, Marker said, recorded the commitment of funds to a contract, but an accrual actually recorded the payment for the contract. Marker said all other sections of BPA were managed by accruals accounting.

On Thursday morning, McNary addressed the full council and took a fair amount of heat from members. Washington's Tom Karier said the entire policy must be addressed. "It won't be resolved by a project-by-project review," he said.

Some council members criticized BPA, saying the agency had never reached the upper limit of funding commitments in the previous rate period. BPA has long argued that those commitments represented the upper limits of spending, not a real pot of money that could be shifted to a future year's fish budget if it wasn't used. Oregon's Eric Bloch said the numbers need to be checked, "to know exactly what is the problem."

Council Chair Larry Cassidy called for a special meeting this Thursday to deal with the issue--something he hasn't had to do in his three years of leading the group. He pushed for BPA to finalize its numbers. "I have no conception how anybody can run any agency with existing contracts not fully defined. I've run a lot of businesses--and if you had unsigned ones out there--undefined--I'd understand it."

Cassidy said the council needs to know exactly what the bottom line is so they can choose whether to weigh in or not. "The way the Administrator [Wright] put it to us, my personal view is we don't have any choice but to get involved because I think we could do a lot better job than Bonneville."

Tribal entities were predictably outraged at the potential cuts. "BPA is showing an appalling lack of consistency and trust," Justin Gould, chair of the Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission, said in a press release. "Former BPA Administrator Judi Johansen repeatedly promised the tribes that BPA would meet its fish and wildlife obligations," Gould said, "even if it had to miss a Treasury payment." -Bill Rudolph

[2] COUNCIL HEARS MORE TUTORIALS ON FLOW AND SURVIVAL

Members of the Northwest Power Planning Council spent most of an entire day last week listening to the pros and cons of flow augmentation as they geared up to tackle their mainstem amendments. The council was scheduled to take a final vote on the proposal in February, but Gene Derfler, one of Oregon's new council members, asked for an extra month to help the Oregon contingent get up to speed on the topic. His wish was granted.

Karl Dreher, director of the Idaho Department of Water Resources, gave the council an update on his department's earlier report on flow augmentation on the Snake River. Dreher said the latest research into fish survival and flow augmentation hasn't changed his view that adding flows to help fall chinook doesn't improve their survival. The Idaho hydrologist said that in spite of the development of irrigated agriculture in Idaho, average daily flows in the Snake River haven't changed and are still highly variable from year to year.

Dreher said analysis of the newest NMFS PIT tag data doesn't make a case for extra flows in the summer. "This data is so inconclusive that it shouldn't be used to justify flow augmentation," he told the council.

He used the 1999 fish migration as an example, noting the data showed that later-migrating fish traveled faster than earlier migrants even though flows were lower.

Also, by calculating fish survival using a broader flow index than that used in the NMFS analysis, Dreher said fall chinook survival was actually less in 1997 than 1998, which was a lower water year. He also noted that in good water years, "fish are better, but adding water in bad water years doesn't help fish, especially if that additional volume is coming from the upper Snake, which is too hot."

Oregon council member Eric Bloch, disagreed with Dreher's analysis. Bloch cited the conclusions drawn by panel of independent scientists [ISAB], which reviewed the earlier Idaho report. The panel said the report went beyond the data when it concluded that NMFS studies cannot be used to justify flow augmentation. "... by the same criteria," the panel said, " the data are also inadequate to deny beneficial effects of flow augmentation." The ISAB said it endorsed the augmentation policy largely because of results from a study of wild fish that admittedly suffered from a small sample size, along with the results of the NMFS studies, which used hatchery releases, and correlated fish survival with four factors--flow, temperature, turbidity and release date. The feds have been unable to tease out any more answers from that, however.

Dreher told Bloch the panel admitted to misreading part of his report after he responded to their review.

NMFS scientists were on hand to report on this year's Snake River survival studies, which they had earlier described at the Corps of Engineers research review in November. Biologist Bill Muir reported that about 67 percent of all Snake River hatchery-raised spring chinook made it to Lower Granite last spring, with inriver migrants averaging about 50 percent survival (from the Snake River trap to Bonneville Dam) and steelhead about 27 percent.

Muir said the spring chinook survival was above the standard set in the current BiOp, but he called steelhead survival "alarming" because it was down compared to recent years with good flows. The largest drop was between Lower Monumental Dam on the Snake River and McNary on the mainstem Columbia. He suggested the drop may be due to bird predation, mainly Caspian terns, near the confluence of the two rivers. At Crescent Island, more than 12,000 PIT tags had been retrieved this year, a number that represents nearly 10 percent of the steelhead population that had been counted at Lower Monumental Dam on the Snake River.

Muir said juvenile fall chinook survival between McNary and John Day dams was about the same this season as in other recent years--nearly 75 percent, with survival again correlating with flow, temperature, turbidity and release date. Manipulative experiments would have to be performed to sort out the variables, Muir also said.

The benefits of flow still seemed somewhat elusive for the later migrating fish.. "Until they're ready [fall juveniles]," Muir told the council, "you can add all the flow in the world and you can do more harm than good."

Fellow NMFS scientist John Williams, from the agency's science center in Seattle, presented the council with an extensive display of graphs to explain what his agency suspects--that the increase in the amount of time it takes migrating fish to pass the dams may have a significant effect on fish survival because it changes the time when the fish reach the estuary and the ocean. In some cases, travel time past the dams has doubled. In the hydro system itself, Williams said that "above some threshold average, [spring chinook and steelhead] survival appears to vary little, is relatively high and does not correlate with flow."

Below that threshold, as indicated by data from the extremely low flow year of 2001, fish survival is a good deal lower, Williams said. But even at the lower levels, the relationship between flow and survival "is not strong."

Williams said biologists have seen higher smolt-to-adult returns in recent years, but they are still below levels estimated for the 1960s. NMFS is conducting research to relate juvenile migration history and flow within the hydro system to adult returns. Scientists are looking at other factors for adult returns besides timing of ocean entry, he said, by investigating characteristics of the estuary and near-ocean plume environment.

But Williams said the agency feels that lack of a strong flow/survival relationship in reaches such as the stretch between Lower Granite and McNary dams does not support an end to flow augmentation. That had some onlookers puzzled. "I'm not sure we're asking the right questions regarding flow augmentation," said Rob Walton, assistant director of the Public Power Council. "The key uncertainty here is not whether in-river survival rates are low in very low water conditions. The key question for decision-makers in such a situation is what measures produce the best bang, in terms of increased survival, for the buck."

After the NMFS presentation, Walton was left with several questions. "How much do we know about the change in survival produced by a release of water from a reservoir in these conditions? Is there a measurable increase in survival attributable to the release of water, and if so, how far does the benefit continue downstream? If there is a measurable benefit, is it greater, for the money, than alternative measures?"

NMFS scientist Williams told the council most of the fish losses can be attributed to dam passage, "leaving little mortality in the reservoirs, where flow would affect survival the most." He said adult returns varied widely depending on juvenile migration timing, but the agency cannot presently predict when favorable estuary and ocean conditions will exist.

The council also heard modeling results of the council's preferred alternative for mainstem operations from Columbia Basin Research, the UW-based group that developed the CRiSP passage model. CBR's Chris Van Holmes told the council that the CRiSP modeling tracked closely with council staffer Bruce Suzumoto's analysis using NMFS' SIMPAS model. Averaging over all stocks, survival through the hydro system was estimated to be only 0.032 percent less than under the current BiOp regime, with only about 0.14 percent fewer fish barged under the council's proposed program than under BiOp operations. Survivals for strictly in-river migrating fish was virtually identical for the council and BiOp operations, said Van Holmes.

A minor flap developed over the model inputs, which caused Oregon council member Eric Bloch to question the CRiSP results. But Suzumoto said the problem was just a staff mistake over which spill input was used to model low flow years. The difference was not expected to change the results much at all, he said. Another analysis would be completed and its results presented at next month's council meeting.

Council staffer John Fazio reported on power impacts from the proposed alternative. He estimated that it would amount to an $8 million reduction in regional power costs. The proposal calls for reducing flow augmentation in the spring, but adding more in summer. It would remove the April 10 refill requirement for federal reservoirs, extend drafts for fish flows through September and provide level outflows at Montana reservoirs to improve conditions for resident fish.

After hearing that the difference in power costs amounted to only $8 million, one fish and wildlife veteran wondered out loud why the council was wasting so much of everybody's time.

Later, council chair Larry Cassidy responded. "I don't think $8 million is insignificant, especially when it's seen as a year-to-year gain." The bottom line, Cassidy said, is "can we improve things without adverse impacts to fish?" Cassidy said the council should not support operations that would help resident fish populations at the expense of anadromous stocks.

The council chair said new data is in the works that will help his group work with fish and wildlife managers to reach agreement on future hydro operations. "We think we're at a different level now," Cassidy said, noting that those who argue for maintaining the status quo "because that's how we've always done it" are holding a position that is no longer defensible. -Bill Rudolph

[3] HUGE COLUMBIA CHUM RUN FLOODS LOWER RIVER

This year's banner salmon runs also apply to the last group of fish to show. Lower Columbia wild chum have returned in huge numbers, with the final tally between 30,000 and 40,000 fish, said WDFW biologist Joe Hymer. That's about three times last year's numbers, which made managers feel good enough, since 2001's return was the largest since 1955.

Nearly half a million chum returned to the lower river in the early 1940s, but numbers dropped drastically by 1944 and have never topped 50,000 fish since then. Numbers tailed off in the 1950s to below 10,000 fish annually.

The chum bonanza was evident all the way to Bonneville Dam. More than 500 redds were counted in spawning areas below the dam, in nearby creeks and along shorelines below the project. Last year, 71 redds were counted in the area. In 2000, 113 redds were tallied, but in 1999 only three redds were found in the area below the dam.

The lower Columbia wild chum were listed under the ESA in March 1999 after a NMFS status review found half of the biological review team members concluded that the ESU at a high risk of extinction, "the remainder concluded that the short-term extinction risk was not as high, but that the ESU is at risk of becoming endangered."

Hymer said Washington's Grays River saw a big return this year as well, the highest count since 1938. Four hundred live fish were reported in early December, along with over 4,300 carcasses. Given the limited amount of spawning areas for chum, Hymer said "this may be as good as it gets," but he was worried that recent rain events might have a detrimental effect on recently laid eggs since chum spawn so low in most streams. Some redds have even been found in the mainstem Columbia, he said, at the mouths of streams where the fish find groundwater sources, their favorite condition for egg-laying sites. -B. R.

[4] CLIMATE COMPUTER PROGNOSTICATES ON COLUMBIA BASIN'S WATERY FUTURE

This fall's dry spell has the popular media full of global warming stories about ice sheets breaking up at the South Pole. But an Oak Ridge National Laboratory super-computer that has simulated the future Northwest climate predicts that 100 years from now, the Columbia River Basin will see just 3 percent less overall runoff than today. The big difference, will be a lot more rain and a lot less snow, according to the super-computer.

Such a future is the likely result of a degree or so (Centigrade) increase in temperature, due mainly to increases in greenhouse gases, said researchers from the University of Washington and other institutions. Such conditions will significantly affect hydro operations in the Northwest and make it more difficult to reach federal flow targets established to help migrating ESA-listed fish in the basin, according to the researchers.

The study, soon to be published in the journal Climatic Change, is part of a research initiative on accelerated climate prediction supported by the US Department of Energy, in concert with the Scripps Institute of Oceanography, US Geological Survey, Department of Defense and the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.

The researchers, including UW civil engineering professor Dennis Lettenmaier, have published numerous studies that show small increases in temperature can substantially shift runoff patterns in the Columbia Basin. But they said their new model includes a "more realistic" coupling of the ocean, atmosphere and other features that allowed them to include decadal-scale climate effects in their assessment. Consequently, the new model predicts less warming than most other climate models because it includes a factor that stores more heat in the ocean.

"Other models show a much larger warming effect," Lettenmaier said. "However, even this model indicates substantial changes. For example, by mid-century the yearly average snow pack in the Washington and Oregon Cascades may be reduced on the order of 50 percent, and because most of our water storage is in this snow pack, such a reduction will result in big changes in flows and water temperatures in Cascade rivers and streams."

Lettenmaier and his co-authors examined different policies for operating basin reservoirs to mitigate the predicted hydrologic shifts and found that a combination of earlier refill targets with greater storage allocations for fish flow targets could cancel most negative impacts, "but only with severe losses in firm hydropower production." They estimated such a power loss could be about 15 percent by 2050, but noted that revenue losses would be much less because power production would shift from summer and fall to winter and spring.

Not everyone agrees with this assessment. "It's a given that we can't meet existing flow targets anyway," said eastern Washington natural resources consultant Darryll Olsen. "What difference does it make?"

The climate study doesn't look at direct effects on fish, but is trying to simulate the way climate behaves, said Bill Pennell, director of the Atmospheric Science and Global Change Division at the PNW National Lab in Richland, WA. Three different runs were made to assess variability, Pennell said. Several other computer models were nested within the main model to add regional climate factors, hydrology, and the Columbia River hydro system.

He said the model doesn't mimic the climate phase we're in now, called the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. This 20- to 30-year cycle alternates between drier, warmer years with less productive ocean conditions and wetter, colder years that seem to go hand in hand with more productive ocean conditions. Most scientists think the region has now entered the wetter, colder cycle.

By the end of the century, flow deficits at McNary will be 40 percent greater than in control simulations without a 600-aMW reduction in firm power, the climate study said. It also predicted that average maximum flows at The Dalles will decline from about 550 kcfs (as recorded between 1950 and 1999) to about 450 kcfs by 2050, and to less than 400 kcfs by the 2090s. Snake River flows at Ice Harbor are estimated to decline from about 130 kcfs in June to maximum flows in early May of about 120 kcfs in 2050.

But the authors suggested changes in operations that could help meet competing demands of the hydro system in the dim future, without compromising flood control. By 2050 storage for fish flows will have to be almost doubled, to 4.3 MAF, to provide enough water to reach instream flow targets, they said. By the end of this century, storage would have to be increased by another 50 percent to satisfy flow targets.

The results of the modeling effort also showed a trend toward more extremes in climate on an annual basis, which the researchers said could lead to hydrologic "vulnerabilities beyond those revealed in results averaged over three decades." The report estimates future changes in time frames of 30 years' duration.

Does that mean the extremely dry fall in the Northwest is already acting like the model? Not likely, said UW climate researcher Nate Mantua. He believed the El Niņo conditions that have set in for the winter forced the high-pressure ridge into position off the coast, which had split the jet stream and caused most moisture-laden systems coming in from the Pacific to pass both to the north and south of the Northwest. "This El Niņo is a lot stronger than anybody predicted," Mantua said.

A recent forecast from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Climate Prediction Center suggested that mature El Niņo conditions will be established by next February throughout the eastern Pacific Basin. "However," the Nov. 7 forecast said, "based on the latest predictions and an assessment of current oceanic and atmospheric conditions, we expect that this effect will be weaker than the 1997-1998 El Niņo. Warmer-than-average conditions are expected over the northern tier states, southern and southeast Alaska and western Canada throughout the winter." The Dec. 12 forecast said the drier-than-average conditions over the Northwest was an El-Nino related impact and to expect drier-than-average conditions over the northern tier states throughout the winter.

But local forecasters were right on the money when they called for plenty of rain by the end of last week, when the remnants of a tropical storm came ashore. However, the longer-range trend seems to be toward less-than-normal precipitation, with or without El Niņo. The latest word from the National Drought Mitigation Center says Boise, ID, is on pace to establish its driest calendar year on record in 2002. As of Dec. 3, year-to-date precipitation had totaled 4.93 inches, about 6.03 inches below normal. The lowest calendar-year precipitation total for Boise was set in 1966, at 6.64 inches. Normal December precipitation for Boise is 1.38 inches.

NOAA's Climate Prediction Center said the dry conditions aren't going to change anytime soon. In the Nov. 21 seasonal drought assessment, forecasters didn't sound optimistic and called for below-normal precipitation that should lead to continued drought for much of the inland Northwest, with dry conditions expanding northward to the Canadian border.

So far, the Columbia Basin above The Dalles has received only a little less than 60 percent of average precipitation for the past several months. The situation isn't any better on the Canadian side, which has received 57 percent.

"The real impact will be felt once melt occurs following the outlook period," said the forecasters. "Even above-average precipitation during the November-February outlook period will not guarantee that the seasonal snow pack in spring will be above average. Until we see what the seasonal totals will be, there is no guarantee that there will be improvement in water supplies."

Scientists are having a tough enough time figuring out what will happen 100 days from now, much less in 100 years, but that hasn't stopped a flood of speculation on the possible mechanisms that lead to climate change.

Academic papers published in the last two weeks speculate on variables that have not yet been included in any climate models. One asks whether the world's oceans are net sources or sinks of carbon. No one knows yet, but the answer could have huge ramifications for the greenhouse gas debate. Another group of scientists speculates in the latest Science magazine that cosmic rays, which vary in intensity during the 11-year solar cycle, may play a role in global cloudiness. -B. R.

[5] UNMARKED HATCHERY FISH STILL BEING RELEASED IN COLUMBIA BASIN

In 2001, 8.9 million unmarked salmon and steelhead were released into the Columbia River Basin and planned releases of nearly two million unmarked fish were slated for 2002 and 2003. This means that some hatchery steelhead, the bulk of those releases, will not have a missing adipose fin, which marks it as a fish of hatchery origin.

The releases will continue under the U.S. v. Oregon agreement among the fish agencies and tribes.

The unmarked fish have created jobs for people like Bret Morgan, who reads steelhead scales at Bonneville Dam to determine how many hatchery and wild steelhead are in the run. Since the adipose fins on wild steelhead are no longer a reliable indicator to calculate the size of the wild run, scales have to be read to determine whether a fish that has an adipose fin is of hatchery or wild origin. It's important to know since most wild steelhead above Bonneville Dam are listed under the Endangered Species Act and rebuilding efforts depend on accurate run counts.

But counting the wild run by reading scales is much more difficult in the tributaries. "The Deschutes gets too many stray hatchery fish, but they are normally marked so they can be identified and the anglers can take them, removing some of them from the river," said ODFW's Steve Pribyl, who has the responsibility for managing the Deschutes River.

In 2001, Pribyl first noticed unmarked hatchery steelhead in the river when nine percent of the run turned out to be of hatchery origin but not marked with a clipped adipose fin. He was alerted to these unmarked fish, which some fish managers call "stubbies" because of their eroded dorsal fins, a sign of being reared in the confined space of hatcheries. The crowds of juvenile fish nip each other; some fish return as adults with no dorsal fin at all.

"Unmarked hatchery fish create a unknown," Pribyl said. "It complicates our ability to do run accounting and throws another element of error into the mix. It's another facet of the stray hatchery steelhead problem in the Deschutes River and we cannot use anglers to remove unmarked stray steelhead from the river."

WDFW's Dan Rawding said four stubbies had been found on the Wind River in Washington state over the last two years, but they didn't make it over the falls, where a fish trap can sort wild fish from hatchery stock. However, on the nearby Klickitat, it's a different story. There is no trap on the Klickitat, so diverting hatchery fish is impossible. The agency is seeking BPA funding to put the trap back into operation.

Unmarked steelhead are also found on the John Day River in Oregon, a stream managed for both wild salmon and steelhead. ODFW's Tim Unterwegner said inventory work on steelhead shows a 9.4 percent stray rate of unmarked steelhead in the river. "There is not a lot we can do about hatchery strays in the John Day," he said. Anglers are allowed to take marked fish, that is, hatchery strays with missing adipose fins, but they cannot take unmarked hatchery fish.

Rob Jones of NOAA Fisheries said his agency is trying to establish accountability among managers to identify local fish management goals and address problems, which will eventually lead to a written plan for each hatchery and subbasin. At that stage, Jones said, "NOAA Fisheries will decide whether a hatchery program is consistent with recovery.

"We do not want to spell out a one size fits all program for broodstock collection and returning adults," Jones said. "We are not looking for a 10-percent stray rate standard, we are looking for management of stray rates that makes sense at the local level." But Jones said the feds are intending to seek a higher percent of all fish to be marked when the U.S. v. Oregon agreement expires. "We want strays managed to reach recovery objectives," Jones said.

In a recent NWPPC report on the cost of hatchery fish, the Independent Economic Advisory Board identified data gaps that needed fixing prior to an assessment of hatchery programs in the Columbia Basin. They recommended that "more extensive tagging of fish from each release group would be desirable for both biological and economic assessments of the hatchery programs."

But unmarked hatchery steelhead are being released at the request of the Columbia River Treaty Tribes. They are being released from federally funded hatcheries, many of which are operated by the states, and from hatcheries funded by private utilities such as Douglas County PUD in the state of Washington.

"The goal of the hatchery program is to increase natural production," said Charles Hudson of the Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission. "It doesn't help the tribes or the region to have these fish returning to hatcheries. We want them back in the rivers to increase natural populations."

However, it's tough to evaluate a hatchery program that releases unmarked fish because their survival and contribution to natural spawning cannot be determined. "The tribes welcome monitoring and evaluation," said Hudson.

"We want to know that these hatchery programs are working, but we need adequate funding." Further cuts proposed by BPA are another threat to the monitoring and evaluation program, Hudson said.

"Straying hatchery fish in tributaries is a concern," said CRITFC's Doug Dompier, "but there are no proposals to address this as far as I know." He said his agency was not advocating killing stray hatchery fish because straying is a natural phenomena.

"Hatchery fish are not a demon and should be respected," Dompier said. -Bill Bakke

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Link/Document Annex
Works Cited

LINKS/DOCUMENTS FROM NW FISHLETTER 154:: Below are listed links and documents referred to in the text of NW Fishletter issue 154.

• Review of survival, flow, temperature, and migration data for hatchery-raised, subyearling fall Chinook Salmon above Lower Granite Dam, 1995-1998, September, 2000
• Review of Lower Snake River Flow Augmentation Studies, ISAB, April 27, 2001
• Mitigating the effects of climate change on the water resources of the Columbia River basin, Climatic Change (in review), Payne, J.T., A.W. Wood, A.F. Hamlet, R.N. Palmer, and D.P. Lettenmaier, 2002

THE ARCHIVE :: Previous NW Fishletter issues and supporting documents.

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